Laboratory Research

Our Laboratory of Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, Bionanotechnology and Molecular Recognition has been the leading group and pacesetter in the field of drug delivery and controlled release, a field that has been developed into a mature area of scholarly and applied research. In addition we have had extensive contributions in biomaterials and bionanotechnology, and have contributed seminal work in the field of feedback controlled biomedical devices. The multidisciplinary approach of this research in bionanotechnology and biomolecular engineering blends modern molecular and cellular biology with engineering to generate next-generation systems and devices, including bioMEMS with enhanced applicability, reliability, functionality, and longevity. Our contributions have been translated into more than twenty medical products with multibillion dollar markets.

Fundamentals of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Transport Systems: The fundamentals and rational design of drug delivery systems and biomaterials have been set by our group over the past 35 years. In its very early days, drug delivery was an empirical field where the selection of components for successful formulations was based on a heuristic approach. Peppas and collaborators were the first to set the theories and equations that led to the design of a wide range of new systems. For example, using biomedical engineering principles and new biomedical transport theories, they developed the equations that describe Fickian and non-Fickian diffusion in controlled release devices. The “Peppas equation” has become the standard method of analysis of any pharmaceutical device. Using the modeling similarities of phase erosion and state erosion, they developed a unified models for all drug delivery systems. Similarly, they developed the theoretical framework for the analysis of transport through crosslinked biomaterials (the Peppas-Reinhart theory), ionic hydrogels (the Brannon-Peppas theory), and gel-tissue interactions via tethers (the Huang-Peppas theory and the Sahlin-Peppas equation). For the impact of these theories and analyses, Dr. Peppas has been recognized as the most cited and highly published author in drug delivery, biomaterials and drug delivery, and intelligent materials ( Web of Science ® 2011). He has also ranked as one of the most cited scientists with 47,589 citations (half of them in just the last five years) and an H-index of 107 (link).

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Devices: Applications of these theories have had significant impact in the development of new biomedical systems and devices. Peppas and his students originated the novel muco- and bioadhesive systems that interact molecularly with the mucus and tissue and have been able to prolong bioavailability of proteins and peptides in the blood. As a result of his work, a number of biomedical polymers and commercial delivery devices have been launched. For example, our group was the first to develop novel toxic-free poly(vinyl alcohol) gels by the freezing-thawing technique in 1975. These gels became very successful articular cartilage replacement systems. In 1978, the group developed the same systems for in situ replacement of vocal cords, a successful medical procedure that remained in practice until the late 1990s and assisted about 45,000 patients.

Intelligent Hydrogels: This laboratory group pioneered (1979) the use of hydrogels in drug delivery applications, including epidermal bioadhesive systems and systems for the release of theophylline, proxyphylline, diltiazem, and oxprenolol. Perhaps the most important development of our labs has been the new technologies of oral delivery systems for insulin and other proteins. These devices release insulin orally, “protecting” the insulin throughout its transport in the stomach, upper small intestine, and, eventually, blood, and bypassing diabetics’ need for several daily injections. Dr. Peppas’ group has shown that these new systems exhibit very high bioavailability. This is the first time that an oral system has been shown to be effective for oral delivery of proteins, especially insulin. In fact, the same technology has been used for the transmucosal (oral, buccal) delivery of calcitonin (for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women) and interferon-alpha (for cancer therapy), and is presently investigated for interferon-beta release for multiple sclerotic patients. In tests on over 1500 rats and dogs that were given capsules containing microspheres of this new biomaterial carrier, high bioavailability was determined.

Intelligent, Feedback Control-Based Systems: Dr. Peppas was one of the pioneers of intelligent biomaterials, and medical devices. Using intelligent polymers as early as 1980, the Peppas group were the first to use such pH-sensitive and temperature-sensitive systems for modulated release of streptokinase and other fibrinolytic enzymes. In the 1990s and in this century, Dr. Peppas became the main proponent of the use of intelligent systems in the medical field. Physiologically-controlled and disease-responsive, feedback control-based devices require the operation/function of electrical and mechanical parts as a result of on-line measurement of physiological variables of the body, blood or other biological fluids. Peppas utilized the basics of biomedical transport phenomena, control theory, and kinetic behavior to design novel devices and to optimize their behavior in the body or in contact with the body. Adjustment of appropriate components of these devices was based on simple or sophisticated control or other physiological based models. To this end, Dr. Peppas and his group have investigated the biocompatibility of all components of these devices and have provided knowledge of cellular response mechanisms that may be related to changes in immunological status, physical tissue damage. Research in physiologically-responsive devices has sought to show how it is possible to use classical and biomedical engineering principles, mathematics, transport phenomena and control theory to design devices and artificial organs, often based on "intelligent materials," which are responsive to changes in the surrounding environment. Dr. Peppas developed feedback control devices, such as glucose-sensitive microsensors that can respond to abnormal glucose levels by releasing incorporated insulin to the blood at desired rates. Such feedback control systems could be perfected for use in treatment of diabetes. In addition, he developed temperature-sensitive devices that can be used for treatment of malaria by release of antipyretics. A natural consequence of this work was his founding of Mimetic Solutions, a company that commercializes these devices and is in the forefront of intelligent device and bioMEMs development.

* Green indicates those in academic positions
* Asterisk indicates former post docs

Celebration of the Founding of AICHE 100 Years Ago with article in the chemical heritage foundation magazine by Nicholas Peppas (Fall 2008) (click here)

PDF Version: Page 1 | Page 2

Photos of Students During NAP Tenure at Univ. of Texas

Profile of a husband and wife team: Nicholas and Lisa (PDF Version)

National Academy of Engineering Founders Award Acceptance Speech, September 30, 2012

Link to videos

 Part 1: Introduction           Part 2: Talk

Current News

Five important articles from the lab were published this past week (January 14-21, 2013). These articles covered topics such as drug eluting stents (link), nanoparticles for delivery of cancer therapeutics (link), oral delivery of chemotherapeutics (link), theranostic agents for gene delivery (link), and engineering biomaterials for healthcare applications (link).

Prof. Peppas has been elected President-elect of the Engineering Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with automatic succession to President in February 2014.

Nicholas Peppas presented a plenary lecture on “Protein Transport Mechanisms and Protein/Polymer Dynamics in Transmucosal Delivery” at the 4th International Conference on Biomolecular Engineering sponsored by the Society of Biological Engineering in Ft Lauderdale, FL, on January 14, 2013 (link).

Two publications by Richard Korsmeyer (MS '81, PhD '83) and Don Owens (PhD’ 07) and Nicholas Peppas on "Mechanisms of Solute Release from Porous Hydrophilic Polymers" and "Opsonization, Biodistribution, and Pharmacokinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles" are the most cited papers in the history of the International Journal of Pharmaceutics (link).

Nicholas Peppas presented a keynote lecture on “Intelligent Hydrogels and the Future of Nanomedicine” at the Symposium “New Innovations in Polymers and Biomaterials” held in Maui on December 14-17, 2012 to celebrate Prof. Hoffman’s 80th birthday. Professors Allan Hoffman (1932- ) and Nicholas Peppas (1948- ) are academic brothers having done their PhDs at MIT’s ChE Department (in 1957 and 1973, respectively) under the advising of Professor Ed Merrill.

The 9th International Polymer Conference (IPC2012) "Progress and Future of Polymer Science and Technology" was organized by the Society of Polymer Science Japan, in Kobe, Japan on December 10-14, 2012. Nicholas Peppas was one of the eight invited speakers and spoke on “Dynamics and Diffusional Behavior of Complexation Networks and Gels with Applications to Drug Delivery and Molecular Recognition”.

During his visit to Japan Professor Peppas gave talks at the Dainippon Sumitomo company on “Intelligent Protein Delivery Systems” and at Kobe Gakuin University on “Intelligent Polymer Systems for the Delivery of Proteins, siRNA and Chemotherapeutics”.

Nicholas Peppas was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. He was honored by the President of the Republic of Slovenia, Dr. Danilo Türk at a ceremony on December 4 at the University of Ljubljana in Ljubljana, Slovenia (link). The other two honorary doctorates are the noted statistician Prof. Donald Dublin of Harvard University, and Adam Michnik, a Polish historian, essayist, and former dissident. Peppas has collaborated with the university for more than 15 years and has published papers with Slovenian scientists including students who visited his laboratory and carried out research.

October 15: IOM just announced that Antonios “Tony” G. Mikos was elected a member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies. Tony G Mikos (MS ’85, PhD ’88) is the Louis Calder Professor of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Rice University, Houston, TX. He was recognized for “for seminal contributions and visionary leadership in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine” (link). This way, Tony becomes member of a second US academy in the same year, having been elected to NAE in February 2012 and inducted just two weeks ago. Dr. Mikos is only one of three Texans who are members of both NAE and IOM, the other two being Profs. Georgiou and Peppas.

On September 30, 2012 the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) awarded the 2012 Founders Award to Nicholas A. Peppas (link). The Founders Award is the highest recognition bestowed by NAE to its members. Previous bioengineers who received this award include Y. C. Fung (1998) and Shu Chien (2006) of UC San Diego, Bob Nerem of Georgia Tech (2008) and Bob Langer (2010) of MIT. Previous chemical engineers who were recipients of the Founders Award include Warren K. Lewis (1973) and Hoyt Hottel (1980) of MIT, Neal Amundson of the University of Houston (1990), Ralph Landau (1994) of Halcon, Stu Churchill (2002) of the University of Pennsylvania, Eli Ruckenstein (2004) of Buffalo and Bob Langer (2010) of MIT.

Nicholas Peppas presented the leading lecture of the NanoBio Seattle 2012, the Fourth International NanoBio Conference held in Seattle, WA on July 23-26, 2012. He spoke on “Intelligent Biomaterials to Control Recognition and Specificity in Nanomedicine” (link).

Nicholas Peppas presented the plenary lecture of the Biomaterials Day of the Society for Biomaterials in Houston, TX on July 27, 2012. He spoke on “Hydrogels as Biomaterials: A 40-year saga” (link).

Don R. Miller (PhD '84) will receive the 2012 AIChE Industrial Research & Development Award. He is recognized "For outstanding achievement in the industrial practice of chemical engineering toward the successful development and commercialization of pharmaceutical and biomedical products."

Once more this year, Nicholas Peppas gave six lectures at the MIT short course Controlled Release Technology: Polymeric Delivery Systems for Pharmaceuticals, Proteins, and Other Agents (link) on July 9-12, 2012. This is a summer course first presented at MIT in July 1980. It was organized under the direction of Professor Bob Langer of MIT and several colleagues including Peppas, and it was the first course of its sort to be offered by an academic institution. This was the 33rd year the course will be given at MIT.

Dr. Peppas presented two lectures on “Intelligent Biomaterials for Responsive Delivery of Therapeutic Agents” and “Nanotechnology and Bioengineering in an Evolving Chemical Engineering World: The Next Generation of Recognitive Micro- and Nanodevices” at the RTI International (link) on Monday, June 25, 2012.

Nicholas Peppas and Antonios Mikos (MS ‘85, PhD ‘88) of Rice University were elected Honorary Professors of Sichuan University in Chengdu, China. They were recognized at a ceremony hosted by the University on June 2, 2012.

At the 9th World Congress for Biomaterials held in Chengdu, China Professor Peppas was reelected President of the International Union of Societies of Biomaterials Science and Engineering (IUSBSE) for the period 2012-2016.

May 16: Two of the laboratory's senior graduate students received the two highest research awards of the University of Texas at Austin at the Michael H. Granof University Awards for Excellence in Graduate Research and Education event at the Four Seasons hotel.

-- William Liechty received the Michael H. Granof Outstanding Graduate Student Award. The award came with a crystal and a $10,000 grand prize. Bill is a NSF Fellow and a Gates Fellow who studied at Cambridge before joining UT. He was the UT representative to the Lindau Nobel Laureates meeting in Lindau, Germany in June 2011 and has participated in numerous national and international meetings. Bill's research is on "Development of Dual-Responsive Nanoscale Hydrogels for Oral Delivery of Small Interfering RNA". He has published nine papers (link) including the most downloaded paper in the history of Annual Reviews of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (link) which he co-authored with Brandon Slaughter.                                                           -- Brandon Slaughter received the Excellence in Graduate Research Award for Engineering and Natural Sciences. The award was accompanied by a $2,000 check. Brandon is the third graduate student from the lab to receive this University-wide award. Last year's recipient was Bill Liechty, while the 2010 recipient was David Kryscio. Brandon is a NSF/IGERT and NSF Fellow who has done research at EPFL in Lausanne with Prof. Melody Swartz. He has published four papers (link) including the most downloaded paper in the history of Annual Reviews of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (link) which he co-authored with Bill Liechty and the highly cited "Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine" (link).

Professor Peppas delivered the Inaugural Plenary Lecture at the 9th World Congress for Biomaterials held in Chengdu, China on June 1-5, 2012. This Congress, which is held once every four years, is the largest gathering of biomaterials scientists in the world and attracted more than 4,000 participants. Peppas talked about “Intelligent biomaterials for medical devices with molecular recognition capabilities” (link).

Anthony Lowman (PhD ’97) has been appointed Vice Provost for Research and Business Development of Temple University in Philadelphia.

Alec B. Scranton was named the new Dean of the University of Iowa College of Engineering. Alec is a graduate of our group (PhD '89) and worked on polymerization reaction engineering (link).

Dr. Brenda Carrillo-Conde, a postdoctoral fellow in our group, was awarded the 2012 Karas Award for Outstanding Dissertation in the Mathematical, Physical Sciences, and Engineering category at Iowa State University.

Professor Peppas has been elected a Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of Pharmacy of Spain (Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia). Established in 1737 by King Philip V, the Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia is one of the Royal Academies of Spain linked through the Instituto de España and under the presidency of the King Juan Carlos I. The Academy has 50 Academicians and 173 Corresponding Academicians. The induction ceremony took place at the Academy building in Madrid, Spain on April 25, 2012 (link) and (link).

An article on drug delivery authored by William B. Liechty, David R. Kryscio, Brandon V. Slaughter (all three NSF Fellows), and Nicholas A. Peppas is the most downloaded paper in the history of Annual Reviews of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (link).

Since 1985, the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of California at Berkeley has invited an outstanding researcher from academy or industry to spend three days with us each year, during which he or she presents two lectures, the Berkeley Lectures in Chemical Engineering. This year’s invited speaker was Prof. Peppas who presented two lectures on Monday and Wednesday, April 2 and 4, 2012. Their titles were: “Intelligent Biomaterials for Responsive Delivery of Therapeutic Agents” (link) and “Nanotechnology and Bioengineering in an Evolving Chemical Engineering World: The Next Generation of Recognitive Micro- and Nanodevices” (link).

Other news...

Recent Laboratory Publications

Click for Citations

1. N. A. Peppas, “Historical Perspectives on Advanced Drug Delivery: How engineering design and mathematical modeling helped the field mature“, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65, 5-9 (2013) (link).

2. A. S. Puranik, E. R. Dawson and N.A. Peppas, “Recent Advances in Drug Eluting Stents”, Intern. J Pharmac. 441, 665-679 (2013) (link).

3. S. Steichen, M. E. Caldorera-Moore and N. A. Peppas, “Nanoparticles and Targeting Moieties for the Delivery of Cancer Therapeutics”, Europ. J. Pharmac. Sci., 48, 416-427 (2013) (link).

4. Khademhosseini A, Peppas N A, Micro- and Nanoengineering of Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications, Adv. Healthcare Mater., 2, 10-12 (2013) (link).

5. J. M. Knipe, J.T. Peters and N. A. Peppas, “Theranostic agents for gene delivery and spatiotemporal tracking", NanoToday, (published on line, link).

6. Schoener C A; Peppas N A, Oral Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents: Background and Potential of Drug Delivery Systems for Colon Delivery, J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 22, 459-468 (2012) (link).

7. Peppas N A, An introduction to the most cited papers in the history of the ADDR journal, Adv. Drug Deliv Rev. 64 1-3 (2012) (link).

8. Peppas N A, Caldorera-Moore M, Liechty W, Historical survey of drug delivery devices, in ”Drug-Device Combinations for Chronic Diseases,” R. Siegel and S P Liu, editors Wiley, New York, NY (submitted).

9. Cha C, Liechty W, Khademhosseini A, Peppas N A , Designing Biomaterials to Direct Stem Cell Fate, ACS Nano, 6, 9353-9358 (2012) (link).

10. N A Peppas, E Perez-Herrero, Protein Imprinting by Means of Alginate-Based Polymers, US Patent 20,120,276,386 (2012) (link).

11. D Forbes; M Creixell; H Frizzell; NA Peppas, Polycationic nanoparticles synthesized using ARGET ATRP for drug delivery, Europ. J. Pharm. Biopharm., (published on line, link).

12. E Losi, N A Peppas, R A Ketcham, G Colombo, R Bettini, F Sonvico, P Colombo, Investigation of Swelling Behavior of Dome Matrix® Drug Delivery Modules by High Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography, J. Drug. Deliv. Sci. Technol. (in press).

13. M Mouton-Johnston, D C Forbes, Controlled release using an oral drug delivery system designed to improve treatment of conditions such as multiple sclerosis, J Youths in Science (in press).

14. Bae H; Puranik AS; Gauvin R; Edalat F; Carrillo-Conde B; Peppas N A; Khademhosseini A, Building Vascular Networks, Sci. Transl. Med., 4, 160ps23 (2012) (link).

15. Schoener C A; Peppas N A, pH-Responsive hydrogels containing PMMA nanoparticles: an analysis of controlled release of a chemotherapeutic conjugate and transport properties, J. Biomat. Sci. Polym. Ed. (published on line, link).

16. Schoener C A; Hutson H N; Peppas N A, pH-Responsive Hydrogels with Dispersed Hydrophobic Nanoparticles for the Oral Delivery of Chemotherapeutics, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A (in press).

17. Peppas N A, Promoting Convergence in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Annals Chinese Acad. Engineering (in press).

18. Schoener C A; Hutson H N; Peppas N A, Amphiphilic Interpenetrating Polymer Networks for the Oral Delivery of Chemotherapeutics, AIChE J. (in press).

19. Gran M L; Peppas N A, Metal-Polymer Nanoparticulate Systems for Externally-Controlled Delivery, Adv. Health Care Mater. (under review).

20. Shofner J P; Peppas N A, Oral Delivery of Protein-Transporter Bioconjugates Using Intelligent Complexation Hydrogels, Europ. J. Pharm. Sci. (under review).

21. Phillips M ; Peppas N A, Carbohydrates in Drug Delivery, J. Biomat. Sci., Polym. Ed. (under review).

22. Peppas N A Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Preface, in Alvarez-Lorenzo C; Concheiro A., Smart Materials for Drug Delivery, RSC Smart Materials Series, London, in press.

23. Schoener C A; Carillo-Conde B; Hutson H N; and Peppas N A, An Inulin and Doxorubicin Conjugate for Improving Cancer Therapy, J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. (in press).

24. M. Kanzelberger-Coolich, Mary Caldorera-Moore and N.A. Peppas, “Development and Optimization of PEG Functionalized Insulin Loaded Hydrogel Complexes for Increased Protection and Bioavailability of Orally Administered Therapeutic Proteins", Intern. J. Pharm., (under review).

25. S. Marek and N. A. Peppas, “Insulin Release Dynamics from Poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) Hydrogel Systems”, AIChE J., (in press).

26. D. C. Forbes and N. A. Peppas, “Oral delivery of small RNA and DNA", J. Controlled Release, 162, 438-445 (2012) (link)

27. D. R. Kryscio, M. Q. Fleming and N. A. Peppas, “Protein Conformational Studies for Macromolecularly Imprinted Polymers", Macromol. Biosciences, 12, 1137-1144 (2012) (link).

28. M. Creixell and N. A. Peppas, “Co-delivery of siRNA and Therapeutic Agents Using Nanocarriers to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Therapy” , NanoToday, 7, 367–379 (2012) (link).

29. A. K. Ekenseair, R. N. Seidel and N. A. Peppas, “Tuning the Transport Dynamics of Small Penetrant Molecules in Glassy Polymers”, Polymer 53, 4010-4017 (2012) (link).

30. Schoener C A; Hutson H N; Peppas N A, pH-Responsive Hydrogels with Dispersed Hydrophobic Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Hydrophobic Therapeutic Agents, Polym Intern. 61, 874-879 (2012) (link).

31. Peppas N A; Hoffman A S ; Hydrogels, in Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Ratner B D, Hoffman A S, Schoen F J, Lemons J E, Academic Press, 2012 (link).

32. Kryscio D R, Fleming M Q and Peppas N A, Conformational studies of common protein templates in macromolecularly imprinted polymers, Biomed. Microdev., 14, 679-687 (2012) (link).

33. Morishita M, Peppas NA. Advances in oral drug delivery: improved bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs by tissue and cellular optimization, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 64 479 (2012) (link).

34. Sant S, Tao S L, Fisher O Z, Xu Q, Peppas N A, Khademhosseini A, Microfabrication technologies for oral drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 64 496–507 (2012) (link).

35. Ekenseair A K; Peppas N A, Network structure and methanol transport dynamics in poly(methyl methacrylate). AIChE J, 58 1600–1609 (2012) (link).

36. Kryscio D R; Peppas N A, Critical review and perspective of macromolecularly imprinted polymers. Acta Biomaterialia, 8 461-73 (2012) (link).

37. Kryscio D R, Peppas N A, Surface imprinted thin polymer film systems with selective recognition for bovine serum albumin. Analyt Chim Acta, 718 109-115 (2012) (link).

38. Liechty W L and Peppas N A, Expert opinion: Responsive polymer nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Europ J Pharmac Biopharm, 80 241-246 (2012) (link).

39. Ekenseair AK, Ketcham RA, Peppas NA, Visualization of Anomalous Penetrant Transport In Glassy Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Utilizing High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography, Polymer 53 776-781 (2012) (link).

40. Echeverria C; Peppas N A and Mijangos C, Novel strategy for the determination of UCST-like microgels network structure: effect on swelling behavior and rheology. Soft Matter, 8, 337-346 (2012) (link).

41. Peppas N A; Slaughter B V and Kanzelberger M A, Hydrogels, in Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference, K. Matyjaszewski and M. Möller, editors, Vol 9, pp. 385–395 Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012 (link).

Other recent publications...

PubMed Search (for more recent publications including the texts)

Peppas, Nicholas
Peppas, Nicholas A
Peppas, N

National Distinctions of Laboratory Graduates

Important videos from the Lab and some of its graduates:

Alan S. Michaels Distinguished Lecture in Medical and Biological Engineering at MIT on April 3, 2009. Nicholas Peppas speaks about "Recognition and Delivery: The Next Generation of Medical Microdevices". Link: http://web.mit.edu/cheme/news/ michaels/michaels_2009.html

The Centennial Lecture of Nicholas Peppas at the Purdue ChE Centennial "Evolution of Chemical Engineering in a Changing World". Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkbhkVdySeA

Introduction of William Liechty, recipient of the 2012 Michael H. Granof University Awards for Excellence in Graduate Research and Education of the University of Texas at Austin. Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5wj009fTxE&feature=g-upl

A Mexican TV video about Dr. Irma Yolanda Sanchez (PhD '09 and now professor at the Tecnologico de Monterrey) and her PhD work on insulin delivery. Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XE6NCyIanc

Katie Maass (BS ‘11, NSF and Hertz Foundation Fellow) talks about her work in Peppas’ lab (the exact section is from 3:42 to 4:16 and 4:43 to 4:50). Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZc-KXIozC4

Copyright © 2011 Nicholas A. Peppas. All Rights Reserved.
Site design Academic Web Pages